Table of Contents for State Phobia and Civil Society
Introduction
The Introduction argues for the importance of addressing the theme of state and civil society in the present situation. It describes this situation as one in which antistatist or even state-phobic tendencies are evident in a wide spectrum of academic and political thought, and in literatures concerning the reorganization of public governance. It introduces the examination of Foucault's evolving stances on this theme and asserts the necessity of placing them in their historical and political contexts, particularly in regard to his diagnostics of the present. It also gives an overview of the chapters.
1.State and Civil Society
This chapter examines the interpretation of Foucault as rejecting the language of state and civil society in his search for a new analysis and diagnosis of power. It locates his political thought in its own context, including the decline of Marxism as theoretical and practical framework, and sketches both the context of its reception in English-speaking countries at the end of the twentieth century and also of our present. It introduces the nature of his governmentality lectures and his analysis of liberalism and neoliberalism, discusses their comments on the fascist state, and reflects upon the meaning of his key term, state phobia.
2.Empire Without State
This chapter undertakes a critical examination of Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri's influential work, partially inspired by Foucault. Focusing on their trilogy concerning Empire and the multitude, the chapter shows that this work contains acute observations on globalized capitalism in a time where modern assumptions are questioned. It also shows how Hardt and Negri, in their grand diagnosis, occlude the nation-state completely and render the nonstate and noninstitutional forces of the multitude as a kind of hyper civil society.
3.Politics of Life
This chapter examines the work of another influential inheritor of Foucault, Nikolas Rose, and his approach to contemporary politics. Although Rose's "humble" empiricism presents itself in opposition to the metanarratives of the like of Hardt and Negri, there are some striking similarities. There is a common fascination with the domain of the "bio" and a politics of life, a belief in relatively unorganized sources of political action from the grassroots and at the margins and interstices, and a shared antistate and anti-institutional position. Rose has produced rich empirical work, yet the chapter argues that his "ethico-politics" (and later, "ethopolitics") of creative self-fashioning within communities is unable to address fundamental political questions and resembles a sociological life politics grounded in a form of vitalism.
4.Saint Foucault
This chapter asks: was Foucault a defender of community, differences, and political movements in civil society? It examines Foucault's enthusiasm for grassroots, localized activism, and bottom-up politics. Particular attention is given to his engagement with political militancy in the early 1970s in the prisoners' support group, Groupe d'information sur les prisons (GIP). Some explanations are given for Foucault's activities and links are established between his political practices and his intellectual development. An excursus counterbalances Foucault's apparent pro-civil society stance with evidence of a much more skeptical view of the forces at the micro level of society, including practices of denunciation and social exclusion among "small" people.
5.Blood-Dried Codes
This chapter examines Foucault's approach to key conventional political questions such as constitutionalism, state universality, and political identity. The context is Foucault's 1976 lecture series Society Must Be Defended, where he dissolves the state into a multiplicity of political forces hereby showing that the universality of the state rests upon silenced battles. The lectures foreground writers on "race war" who render the social body as a battlefield between antagonistic groups and resonate with neo-Marxist literature on "hegemony." The chapter discusses whether Foucault's Nietzschean reading of state universality forecloses any recognition of the state as a mediator of social conflict and confessional war.
6.The State of Immanence
Foucault famously wished to "cut off the King's head in political theory" and to produce an analysis outside the juridical-political framework of sovereignty. This chapter explores his most sophisticated attempt to do so, namely his work on the dispositifs. In his 1978 lectures Security, Territory, Population Foucault performs what one may term a decentering of the state into divergent technical assemblages, or the dispositfs of law, discipline, and security. The concept was reassessed by Deleuze, who gave it a neovitalist cast, and enthusiastically rediscovered by later followers. While the concept opens up a fine-grained analysis of governmental technologies and their dynamic interplay, the chapter questions whether it can replace the analysis of the history of the state as both concept and institution.
7.Virtual State-Making
This chapter extends and deepens the assessment of the dispositif, including its implications for political analysis. It demonstrates that the complexity of this framework is not simply due to the existence of several dispostifs and their interplay. Each dispositif is kept in motion by inherent contradictions and paradoxes, principally the tension between diagrams and institutions. Diagrams are pure schematics, unattainable ideals, around which governmental practices revolve. They represent a virtuality that both animates and threatens the social order. The chapter explores the diagram's analytical potentials with regard to current political issues but also gives emphasis to the blind spots and foreclosed alleys of this immanentist analysis.
8.When Society Prevails
This chapter examines Foucault's account of the emergence of the notion of civil society as a counterpart to a liberal art of governing from the end of the eighteenth century in relation to juridical and political rights, and homo oeconomicus. While the general framework offered by Foucault is a secularizing one of the becoming-immanent of governmental rationality, his account cannot quite escape theological elements. His reflections on political eschatology are introduced in relation to the idea of civil society.
9.Political and Economic Theology
This chapter continues exploring Foucault's ambivalence with regard to theology in his narrative of the movement from transcendent to immanent forms of power and government. It situates him firstly in relationship to the debate on secularization between Karl Löwith, Hans Blumenberg, and Carl Schmitt, and discovers an institutional political theology of the pastorate. It then locates in relation to what Giorgio Agamben calls economic theology and finds a hitherto unnoticed convergence between Foucault's genealogy of governmentality and the political eschatology of the twelfth-century monk Joachim di Fiore.
10.Foucault's Apologia of Neoliberalism
This chapter explores Foucault's relation to neoliberalism. It places his thought on it in relation to other perspectives, including that of an organized "thought collective," which has had considerable influence and impact on governments and international organizations in the last half-century. Using the case and testimony of his closest follower, François Ewald, it interrogates Foucault's relationship to neoliberalism by the end of the 1979 lecture series The Birth of Biopolitics, and in his engagement with the Second Left. The analysis departs from the simple view that Foucault was an early critic of neoliberalism.
Conclusion
The conclusion summarizes and synthesizes the book's main discoveries and claims. It argues that Foucault's political legacy still holds a wide range of potentials for analyzing contemporary political issues and local insights into public policies and the transformation of regimes of governing. Nevertheless, there is an immanentist and antistate trajectory that one can follow in his political thought. The conclusion summarizes Foucault's three decenterings of the state into battle, administrative technologies, and liberal arts of government. While he ultimately refuses a political position, there are affinities between his work and antistatism, from Maoism to neoliberalism. This is one that limits analytical and critical possibilities in the current context in which issues of poverty, inequality, and debt are once more at the fore. The conclusion sketches alternative ways of thinking about law, sovereignty, and the state.